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发表于 2010-3-7
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西 洋 乐 器——A western instrument
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西洋乐器主要是指18世纪以来,欧洲国家已经定型的管弦乐器和弹弦乐器、键盘乐器。! u0 q/ Q3 Y) p- S
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常用的西洋乐器分类情况如下:7 o+ ]% G- [- c- T) e
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一、弦乐器
& S0 G8 `) Z2 H) H- p% O弦乐器是乐器家族内的一个重要分支,在古典音乐乃至现代轻音乐中,几乎所有的抒情旋律都由弦乐声部来演奏。可见,柔美、动听是所有弦乐器的共同特征。弦乐器的音色统一,有多层次的表现力:合奏时澎湃激昂,独奏时温柔婉约;又因为丰富多变的弓法(颤、碎、拨、跳,等)而具有灵动的色彩。弦乐器的发音方式是依靠机械力量使张紧的弦线振动发音,故发音音量受到一定限制。弦乐器通常用不同的弦演奏不同的音,有时则须运用手指按弦来改变弦长,从而达到改变音高的目的。弦乐器从其发音方式上来说,主要分为弓拉弦鸣乐器(如提琴类)和弹拨弦鸣乐器(如吉它)。
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" P' q" l7 t1 { `4 V(1)弓拉弦鸣乐器:小提琴(Violin)、中提琴(Viola)、大提琴(Cello)、倍低音提琴(Double Bass);9 p- Z2 B0 z5 s$ T+ R
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【Violin 小提琴】A stringed instrument played with a bow, having four strings tuned at intervals of a fifth, an unfretted fingerboard, and a shallower body than the viol and capable of great flexibility in range, tone, and dynamics.用弓演奏的一种弦乐器,具有在第五音的音程上调音的四根弦和不分格指板,形体较古提琴浅,音域、音色和强弱相当灵活。
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- Z5 e; H) k: U6 ?* B3 }【Viola 中提琴】A stringed instrument of the violin family, slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower, and having a deeper, more sonorous tone.提琴家族中的一种弦乐器,稍大于小提琴,调音比小提琴低五度,声音更为深沉、洪亮。3 k8 Z& ~. c1 S4 E
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【Cello 大提琴】A four-stringed instrument of the violin family, pitched lower than the viola but higher than the double bass.一种提琴类四弦乐器,音调比中提琴低但比低音提琴高。
7 R9 o1 x4 w3 Z& g0 b/ s【Double bass 低音提琴或大贝司】The largest bowed stringed instrument in the modern orchestra, also used frequently in jazz ensembles, especially played pizzicato. The double bass, usually considered a member of the violin family, is tuned in fourths and has the sloping shoulders and flat back characteristic of the viols. It has a deep range beginning about three octaves below middle C.尤用于拨奏的现代管弦乐队的最大弓弦乐器,也常用于爵士乐合奏。低音提琴通常被算作提琴类,定弦为第四级音,颈部倾斜和背平是低音提琴的特点。它有始于中音以下三个八度音阶的深度范围。6 Z0 a* Q. r) y
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(2)弹拨弦鸣乐器:竖琴(Harp)、吉它(Guitar)、电吉它(Electric Guitar)、贝司(Bass)。
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【harp 竖琴】An instrument consisting of an upright, open triangular frame with usually 46 strings of graded lengths played by plucking with the fingers.一种有一个通常系有四十六根长短不一的琴弦的直立的开放三角架、弹奏时用手指拨动琴弦的乐器。
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' E; J# ~+ z& Y, w【guitar 吉他】An instrument having a large, flat-backed sound box similar in shape to a violin, a long fretted neck, and usually six strings, played by strumming or plucking.一种具有大而平的音箱的乐器,形状与小提琴相似,琴颈长,通常有六根弦,为弹拨乐器。
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8 I/ N. U) N3 o7 _& r【mandolin 曼陀林】An instrument with a usually pear-shaped body and a fretted neck over which several pairs of strings are stretched.常是梨形琴身,在有格纹的琴颈上装有几组供挑拨的琴弦。* G- H; M _ W7 K s9 b
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【lute 鲁特琴(中文的琵琶也译做lute)】A stringed instrument having a body shaped like a pear sliced lengthwise and a neck with a fretted fingerboard that is usually bent just below the tuning pegs.一种纵向削制的形状如梨的拨弦乐器,琴颈上有定音档的指板,通常弯曲于调音单轴之下。
7 t7 R0 I# ^: \$ T, t2 ?) e! C【Bass 贝司】爵士常用乐器,它在爵士乐队中主要担任低音声部,有时也作即兴独奏。传统爵士乐一般都采用原声贝司(即低音提琴)来体现它的原始风味。而在现代爵士乐(特别是融合爵士)中经常运用电贝司或电子合成器中的合成贝司音色来增加它的现代感。"行进贝司"(Walking Bass)是爵士乐中最有特色的一种演奏方式,即在稳定的节奏基础上作和弦分解进行。它是根据弦贝斯(低音提琴)的定弦,和吉他的结构原理所制造出来的。也就是说,它是按照低音提琴所定弦的一把低音吉他。
5 B3 V; x5 l: ?; o二、木管乐器
' n! F) k: ~2 s8 P木管乐器起源很早,从民间的牧笛、芦笛等演变而来。木管乐器是乐器家族中音色最为丰富的一族,常用被来表现大自然和乡村生活的情景。在交响乐队中,不论是作为伴奏还是用于独奏,都有其特殊的韵味,是交响乐队的重要组成部分。木管乐器大多通过空气振动来产生乐音,根据发声方式,大致可分为唇鸣类(如长笛等)和簧鸣类(如单簧管等)。木管乐器的材料并不限于木质,同样有选用金属、象牙或是动物骨头等材质的。它们的音色各异、特色鲜明。从优美亮丽到深沉阴郁,应有尽有。正因如此,在乐队中,木管乐器常善于塑造各种惟妙惟肖的音乐形象,大大丰富了管弦乐的效果。
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(1)唇鸣类:长笛(Flute)、短笛(Piccolo);# m( Y. z9 U$ Q* r
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【flute 长笛】Also called: transverse flute. A high-pitched woodwind instrument consisting of a slender tube closed at one end with keys and finger holes on the side and an opening near the closed end across which the breath is blown.由一根一端封闭的纤细管子组成的高音木管乐器,侧边有按键和指孔,靠近封闭端有一个使气流进入的开口。
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【piccolo 短笛】A small flute pitched an octave above a regular flute.一种音调比普通笛子高八度音的小笛子。8 W2 @) z; v$ w ~
(2)簧鸣类:单簧管(Clarinet)、双簧管(Oboe)、英国管(English Horn)、大管(Bassoon)、 萨克斯管(Saxophone)。
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% h7 p. J* j- A4 F5 a: s" K- V【clarinet 单簧管】A woodwind instrument having a straight, cylindrical tube with a flaring bell and a single-reed mouthpiece, played by means of finger holes and keys.单簧管,黑管一种管乐器,有直的圆筒形管身和一个外敞的管口及一个单簧吹口,以指孔和键的方式演奏。/ ], G/ S& o% D/ c
【oboe 双簧管】A slender woodwind instrument with a conical bore and a double reed mouthpiece, having a range of three octaves and a penetrating, poignant sound.带有一个圆锥形孔和双簧管吹口的细小的木管乐器,具有三个八度音域和穿透力强而尖利的声音。
) O( U0 \$ ~) R7 a& w( B' `【English horn 英国管】A double-reed woodwind instrument similar to but larger than the oboe and pitched lower by a fifth.一种双簧的木制管乐器,类似于双簧管,但音高比双簧管低五度。& U" N8 o2 `" C3 V
【bassoon或fogotto 大管】A low-pitched woodwind instrument with a double reed, having a long wooden body attached to a U-shaped lateral tube that leads to the mouthpiece. The range of this instrument is typically two octaves lower than that of the oboe.巴松管,低音管一种低调的有双簧的木管乐器,有长的木质管身并与通向吹口的侧面管身相连,这种乐器的音域范围比双簧管明显的低两个八音度。4 C. x7 R6 G3 b( o6 K7 N
【double bassoon 低音大管】The largest and lowest pitched of the double-reed wind instruments, sounding an octave below the bassoon.双簧管系管乐器中音高最低的也是最大的乐器,比低音管的音高低一个八度。
: I+ h8 a9 ]1 D【Saxophone 萨克斯管】金属制抛物线性圆锥管体, 与单簧管类似的哨头, 波姆体系音键系统. 除bB高音萨克管外, 均弯成烟斗型. 音色丰富, 高音区介于单簧管和圆号间, 中音区犹如人声和大提琴音色, 低音区象大号和低音提琴. |
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